Study questions for Exam II

1. What are the major types of muscles? Where are they located and what is their function?

2. What is a sarcomere? What are the different types of band/zones found in a sarcomere?

3. Explain sliding filament theory.

4. What is the structure of the thin and thick filaments?

5. Describe the length-tension relationship.

6. Distinguish between isometric and isotonic contraction.
7. Briefly explain the role of Ca in cross-bridge attachment?

8. Are ATP and calcium needed for both contraction and relaxation?

9. How is binding of thick to the thin filaments prevented during muscle relaxation?

10. Does the tension produced change by changing the muscle length from the optimal length?

11. Describe the excitation-contraction coupling.

12. What are T-tubules, terminal cisternae and triad?

13. Explain how the calcium channels are opened in the ryanodine receptors.

14. Explain the role of ATP in muscle contraction and relaxation.

15. Distinguish between tonic fibres and twitch fibres.

16. What are the different types of twitch fibres and where are they found?

17. Distinguish between cardiac, smooth and skeletal muscle.

18. Describe the regulation of smooth- muscle contraction.

19. Distinguish between open and closed circulatory system.

20. Distinguish between systole and diastole.

21. Describe the difference between resting potential and the pacemaker potential.

22. Describe the changes in pressure and flow during a single heartbeat.

23. Describe the work done by a heart. Is there a difference in the work done by the left and the right heart.

24. Distinguish between the arteries, vein and capillaries.

25. What is meant my countercurrent exchange?

26. Describe in detail about the transfer of substances across the capillary walls.

27. What are baroreceptors?

28. What happens during “muscle strengthening” by excercising?

29. Explain the LaPlace’s law.

30. Describe the advantages of air breathing over other types of breathing.

31. What is Root shift?

32. Describe how oxygen is transported in the blood.

33. Describe the transfer of gases to and from the blood.

34. Describe the factors influencing intracellular pH.

35. How does temperature and pH affect the oxygen binding affinity of hemoglobin?

36. Explain the role of surfactants in the lungs.

37. Distinguish between the function of sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous system on heart.